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cell phone detector circuit design

Cell phone detector  Before looking at the circuitry of a the detector, we need to have some pre-knowledge and its constituents. A cell phone detector is used to detect signals from an activated cell phone at a defined distance. In our case, the distance can range up to 1.5 meters. A basic digital cell phone contains just a few individual parts: — A circuit board containing the brain of the phone — An antenna — A Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) screen — A keyboard — A microphone — A speaker — A battery The circuit board is the heart of the system and contains several chips. The analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog conversion chips  that translate the outgoing audio signal from analog to digital and the incoming signal from digital back to analog. The digital signal processor (DSP) is a highly customized processor designed to perform signal-manipulation calculations at high speed. The microprocessor handles all the functions for the keyboard and dis...

Why are gravel/stones used in substations or switch yards

Reasons why stones are used in substations or switch yards The stones used in substations vary from 2-2.5 inch. There are numerous reason of using gravel or stones in substations. These are: In case of fire outbreak and oil leakage in transformer, the stones prevent the oil spills from a rampant fire outbreak since the oil sinks beneath easily. They are also used to easily identify oil leakages in transformer. Stones reduce the step and touch potential of operators on the switch yard since they have an increase resistance thereby increasing soil resistance. So, stones reduce the possibility of an electric shock of the operators. Prevent a pool of water during rainy periods since water sinks beneath the stones. Keeps the ground wet by maintaining the moisture beneath, and provides minimum moisture above the ground ( on gravel). Working condition is improved by these stones. Stones reduce the growth of plants in switch yards Protect from wildlife and other animals lik...